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so I just bought myself a 10 gallon

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aquarium the reason I've done this is I

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spend quite a bit of time online people

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who think have some doubts about the

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shape of the earth and a lot of the

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times they make observations of distant

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cities or mountains or things like that

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for example or look at a city like

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Toronto across the lake and they'll see

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perhaps more of it or perhaps less of it

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than they expect

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now the reason of course is refraction

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when light travels through the

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atmosphere because the atmosphere is

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varying density then the light can get

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that down you can get bent up and this

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can cause more or less of the distance

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seemed to be observe people don't really

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like seems a bit like you know hand

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waving or refraction so good thing would

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be to do practical experiment so I

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bought this cheap fish tank

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from $20 so when light passes it gets

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bent more now what I'm gonna do is take

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this picture of Chicago I'm gonna stick

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it on this end oh the fish tank I want

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to take it there for now

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I might have to adjust it later and I'm

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gonna take let's see what it looks like

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from the other end so I'm gonna be

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looking down here and seeing what we can

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see Oh Chicago now I've got this bit of

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curved metal which I'm going to use to

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represent the curve of the earth you

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know again we're exaggerating things a

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lot more here because we want to

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actually be able to see things on the

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small

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scale which normally only exists on a

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large scale now you might also noticed

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I've got some sugar I'm going to do with

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this is first of all I'm going to fill

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in the tank with water and I got to look

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through this end and see what we can see

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of actually can't go over simulated

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ground here I'm also going to take this

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laser pointer which I just also just got

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and shining that through the tank and

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what we have to see the the beam of

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light Bend now the bend of the beam of

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our laser light is going to be the same

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as the bend of visible light go in one

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way or the other doesn't matter which

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direction it's going you'll get to see

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the light Bend and I'm also going to

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show you what you can see from this end

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so first of all I'm gonna do it without

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sugar then I'm gonna add sugar now when

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you actually what you do you fill the

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tank with water then you pour sugar into

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it lays in the bottom the shoe at the

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bottom starts to dissolve and that makes

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the refractive index the density

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essentially the optical density of the

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water will be higher lower down and

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light bends towards a more dense medium

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which is what normally happens in the

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atmosphere of the air is denser lower

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down so you should see the light curve

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downward and we should looking at this

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end see more of Chicago from this end so

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let's see what happens

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we see it is magnified of course but

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it's not distorted in any way they the

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image is exactly the same it's just

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around about five pounds I think sugar

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one thing I didn't take into account was

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that it was very very cold in my garage

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so it took a really really long time for

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the sugar to dissolve and I ended up

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moving the fish tank inside I swear I

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ended up doing was and removing some of

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the water and just lowering this curve a

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little bit because it was a little bit

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too much for my knees yeah but what

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nicely happened was it worked the water

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dissolved the sugar and we get a bending

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lesbian now it's this most obvious if I

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kind of pointed this lays of being

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upwards a bit and then move to being

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down down down down down

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you'll see if you get to the bottom here

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it bends over at the far right hand side

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and that means if we're looking up in

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this direction if a camera here which

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I'll put in there in a second well the

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line of sight from the camera will go up

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over and down which means it will go

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over this inspection in here if you see

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I send this light beam out and actually

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bands down

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watch out of the other side actually

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goes over this little lump of metal I

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have here which I used to raise the

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obstruction because I flattened it a bit

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too much and it comes over the other

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side so what can we see the other end

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well the other end of the tank I have a

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picture of Toronto not Chicago and the

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interesting thing that happens is when I

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moved

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camera down so it would only be obscured

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by this curve or this block here instead

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of being obscured the distance image of

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Toronto actually it seems to get

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compressed and rides up in the air all

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the way down you can see it's being

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compressed up again it's back to not go

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down it's compressed so what's happening

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is the beams of light are bending over

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so the beams from here from the image of

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Toronto are bending up and over and back

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down into the camera now if you look at

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this laser when it's just going all the

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way over you'll see at the other end

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it's actually if I can hold it steady

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it's actually spreading out which going

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to indicate what's going on that means a

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larger portion of this image comes back

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over here into the camera and creates a

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smaller version which is why we get this

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compression so you can be normal there

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and then we come down below it it gets

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compressed it's compressed because the

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beams are kind of being pulled in

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together another thing people often do

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is stand on one side of a lake with a

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laser beam and change across the lake

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then stand on the other side and get all

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surprised when they can see it because

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they think it would be hidden by the

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curve of the lake but of course what's

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going on is exactly the same thing as

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this image compression the light is

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simply being bent around by refraction

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here I'm simulating a laser at the shore

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line by shining a laser at the image

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from behind you can see that even when

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we bring the camera all the way down to

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the bottom of the tank you can still see

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the laser because the light is being

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bent around by refraction you can see

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what's happening here because of the

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image compression which is why it's a

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good idea to do this type of test sure

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in the day time and not at night so

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these physical experiments are great but

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another way of looking at this issue is

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to use this simulation that I wrote this

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is simulating atmospheric refraction

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through a range of conditions and you

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can see the conditions here which is

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basically the temperature gradient

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and you can see by moving it around you

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can make it hotter or colder higher up

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or you can make the lower air colder

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with a lower error hotter and you can

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see what what effect it has on the the

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distance seen here you can see I'm

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making the thicker lower lower air

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hotter and it's creating this kind of

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Mirage like you would see on a road I've

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got a number of presets and one of them

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is the sugar aquarium free ship preset

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and I tried to make it as close as

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possible to what we're seeing in the

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aquarium this is the temperature curve

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it starts out here at 12 and a half

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degrees down at water level goes up over

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the first 40 feet to around 16 degrees

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Celsius and then rises fairly rapidly so

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this is this is a fairly big kind of

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temperature inversion the water is very

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very cold and then we have warmer air

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above it and then it gets progressively

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less warm until it starts cooling down

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and this view here at the top is very

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similar to our side view from the tank

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with the the laser beams you see the the

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source here which is the camera or the

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laser depending on which way you're

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thinking of it and these beams coming

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out and you see the ones that are lower

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down are bent ever so slightly it's kind

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of difficult to see in this tippy

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stretch it this way you can see it a

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little bit better that they are actually

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bending down this is the curve of the

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earth it's obviously greatly exaggerated

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here because this is over about

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30-something miles I believe let's say

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32 miles yeah okay so what we can do now

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is we can move our viewpoint down this

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is a viewpoint here we are at 80 feet

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above the ground right here and this is

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the CN tower over here at 1,800 feet to

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the top and if I move the viewpoint down

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you will see that the scene changes in a

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very similar way to how it changes in

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our aquarium so we're starting up at 80

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feet and the city looks more or less

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normal and then we go down to all the

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way down to 0.1 feet so we're actually

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nearly nearly at sea level and yet we

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can still see

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things right at the bottom and what's

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happened again is everything is being

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compressed together here and the curve

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is actually curving around the curve the

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light is curving around the earth and we

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can see this reflected in the image now

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we can go back up to 80 feet and then go

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back down again and see the exact same

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effect we can go even higher things will

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look even more normal this is actually

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what the shape of the buildings in

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Toronto actually is from 80 feet it's

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actually a little bit compressed but it

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when you go all the way down it's

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obviously very very very compressed so

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you can play around with this this is

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the meta Bank refraction simulator

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meadow Banga org slash refraction and

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there's a bunch of other things that you

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can look at a bunch of presets there's

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things like mirages there's various

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different cities this is Chicago we can

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see what effect temperature has on

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whether we see Chicago over the lake

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there here's Chicago from different

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positions Chicago showing showing me

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Rogers views of Brighton let's use of

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Blackpool from various locations and

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there's some classic experiments for old

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refraction simulations and it's very

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configurable I have a read of the thread

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which you can find by clicking this this

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hi I'm Mick West and if you liked that

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00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:40,069
video you might also like my book

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00:11:44,680 --> 00:11:42,500
escaping the rabbit hole how to debunk

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conspiracy theories using facts logic

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00:11:49,449 --> 00:11:47,480
and respect escaping the rabbit hole as

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00:11:50,860 --> 00:11:49,459
a guide to helping friends family and

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00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:50,870
loved ones who have been sucked into

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00:11:55,360 --> 00:11:52,970
conspiracy theories like 9/11 or

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00:11:56,590 --> 00:11:55,370
chemtrails I explained why people fall

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for these theories and how I can

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00:12:00,579 --> 00:11:58,069
understand them and how you can help